How to read electrical relay diagram? [Standard symbols used for drawing electrical relay diagram]

In one of the previous post in instrumentpedia I have described how to read an electrical drawing. Now lets look what is electrical relay diagram. Here I am giving the standard symbols used for the electrical relay diagram. In earlier days instead of PLC or DCS like controllers relays are used as controllers. Nowadays also for controlling small systems relays are using as controllers. Comparing to other controllers it is very cheap. Electrical control circuits are drawn with the standard symbols which are given below.

Components used for making a electrical control circuit and its standard symbols.

Switches.
Selectors.
Push buttons.
Contacts.
Coils.
Motors.
Pilot lights.
Alarms.
Connections

Related post:
Learn to read an electrical drawing.
Basics of electrical engineering
Electrical control panels
Piping and instrument diagram

The only thing left.

Seriously. I can't even tell count the number of times this has happened to me.

Left-handed people are the silently oppressed in this world. 

The God of Thunder.

I saw the midnight release of the Thor movie, which is now out in most theaters.

Long review short, I enjoyed it. I didn't fall in love with it like I did Ironman, and I didn't detest it. Perhaps I am biased. I am a superhero fan, and would most likely have a somewhat lower opinion if I was not.

Though, as I said, I enjoyed it. I was entertained. Ultimately that is the point of movies.
There was plenty of action, plenty of laughs, and enough special effects to make you say "whoa, what the shit" repeatedly. Although the camera movement was a little too fast for my taste, blurring out a good portion of the fight scenes.

Also eye candy. Mostly for the women, but still. They give you Natalie Portman, so stop complaining. Honestly, her acting could have been much worse. I guess that's a high point?
The movie throws you in at a comfortable starting point, and introduces the characters and backstory at a relative pace. You don't have to be a comic fan to understand what's going on, which is exactly what they were going for.

Then you get some cool fighting scenes, with giant face-lasers, a giant ice-themed Rancor and a bunch of blue people from Avatar.

[If you want to keep the movie a surprise, I would stop reading about here.]

After that some plot is thrown your way, and Thor is exiled to Earth (a.k.a Midgard). For a day. This is ridiculous to me; after a couple thousand years being Thor, the god of thunder who has had dozens of lifetimes to develop a concrete persona, he becomes a humble man and changes his outlook. It must have been something at that Denny's diner. Probably the pancakes. Or maybe Natalie Portman as Jane Foster is just that hot. (Hint: no.) He probably fell in love with the bars. I have no apathy for New Mexico. Not even people who live there are fond of it! So why would Thor?

Ultimately, if you have the $10 to shell out for a movie, I would say go for it. Did you seen Ironman? The sequel? Yes? Good. Then you will enjoy this, and you will most likely enjoy the upcoming Captain America movie.

Now that is what I am excited about.

Meters used in the MCC panel.

Different types of meters are used in the MCC panel for indicating the status of the panel.Mainly three types of meters are used. Ammeter, Volt meter, Watt meter, Energy meter. Analog and Digital type meters are using nowadays.

Ammeter

Instrument used for measuring the current flow in the circuit is called ammeter. It should be connected series to the circuit .

Analog ammeter

Digital ammeter

Voltmeter

Instrument used for measuring the voltage across in the circuit is called voltmeter. It should be connected paralled to the circuit.

Analog volt meter

Digital volt meter

Wattmeter




Energy meter

This is also called as a watt-hour meter. Energy meter is used for  measurinh the energy consumed in a circuit.

Analog Energy meter

Digital Energy meter.

Related post:

Know more about control panels

Components used in a MCC panel

How to read an electrical drawing

Basics of electrical

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit.

Dangerously Scene.

Or maybe it's called Scout Crossing. I'm still not very sure on the title; it's not perfectly advertised.
Either way, this is a webcomic I just came across the other day. Created by Scott Fergus, the mastermind behind Nerf This and other works, I like to think of it as an alternative-trendy take on the Scott Pilgrim mythos. (Have we decided it has it's own mythos yet? Is there a council to decide that?)

I have always been an admirer of Fergus' art style, and I believe he has discovered the perfect culture to integrate it with.
The story began off a little confusing for me, but soon enough I filled in all of my holes of misunderstanding. It begins with the classic "hiding of the hero" and the typical "call to action" you children learned about in high school English class. Except when Scout is called into action, he begins to punch polar bears and make explosions with his sweet sleeve tattoos.
Yes, magical flower-bomb-tattoos are the source of his power. Which, frankly, is awesome.
I have never been a fan of ink myself, but after only a hour of reading this story I was seriously reconsidering my views.
There are also cute girls, music jokes and a murder mystery.
Stop reading what I'm typing and go read it for yourself. Page one is right here. Dangerously Scene updates once a week; twice if we all are lucky.

Is it just me, or does a female character like this appear in all of his works?

Return of The Venture Bros.

I love this show. 

It's brilliantly written, amazingly hilarious and is a polished parody about a past generation of animated series.
I remember when I was young, I would watch shows like the original Scooby-Doo and shows like Johnny Quest and the various Superhero shows.
Classic Cartoon Network, you know. They were more or less what my parents grew up on; or at least watched ironically.
Then my best friend shared this beauty of a show with me.
It was violent, cruel and held a sarcastic mirror up to that television history.
Mostly I stayed for the violence. Ultimately I fell in love with the theme of the show; failure.
The show is about what happens to our heroes of yesteryear when life throws them a hardball and beats them down. We've all been there.
Part of the original core of comedy is tragedy; we laugh when others fall. Comedy is pretty dark and sadistic if you think about it. At least the good humor is; mom-and-pop humor from the cold war isn't exactly entertaining any more, if it ever was.

I almost came when I heard The Venture Bros. was renewed for a new season.

Oct 3, 2012

Today we decide to clean up our school workshop. We found 3 rusty bench drill maybe 12-15 years old. Colecting dust for 10 years already. I don't know. We decide to transform them into useable item before 2.00 pm. Guess what? 

 Amazing Job guys. 

  

Sept 28, 2012

School break coming soon, We start to plan the next new project for more  professional quality simulator. Here is the 30% finish drawing.

May 28 2012

If you have a problem to download (as reported) you can e-mail me. thank you.

May 13th 2012

Budu 2dof v1.5 a.k.a Kubing 2dof v1.5 uploaded. Budu is the codename for this project when it first release 2 years ago. You can use same hardware schematic v1.4. For educational use only. read Disclaimer first.  You can use Kubing 2dof v1.5.hex as inverted pendulum controller if you like (stand alone without PC). Good luck!!---kubing 

Windows take about 2.09 milisecond to send 8 bit binary signal to controller at 19200 baudrate. even with  pause = 1 ms on USO software. That is the Windows hardware restriction for uart communiaction. 

April 15th 2012

Fix a few bugs in Budu 2dof v1.4. So the next release of Budu 2dof v1.5 will be here soon. Download link not available until the next release of firmware. Thank you for support and email. We are planning to start a new project to make it usable with android phone and tablet very soon. 

Dec 20th 2011

Here is my version of joystik/panel controller  

figure 1-1

PCB circuit figure 1-1 was created using Eagle Layout Editor that can be downloaded for free from CADSoft. However, this project used two layer pcb automatically generated using this software. There is still room for improvement to make the best controller. by adding a few expander port in the near future. Expander port is a type of chips produced by the Microchip company that is able to add up to 16bit switch. we can connect this chip using SPI or I2C. imagine if it is connected to 8 chip expander we get 8 x 16 = 128 switches can be controlled separately. Separate means we do not need a diode or a matrix column row system. each switch will be controlled by a separate bit. whether the toggle switch or push button switch.

Rotary encoder, widely known as a shaft encoder, is an electro-mechanical device that converts the angular position or movement to digital. Incremental encoder output provides information about the motion of the shaft is usually processed elsewhere in the information such as speed, distance, RPM, and position. In flight the rotary encoder is used in the autopilot controller, radio communication and so on. For now BuduFsx1643 has four rotary encoder input only. And will be added to the 16 channel according to current needs. I use the rotary encoder EC16B2410408 ALPS brand available at RScomponent or Element14 store. In addition BuduFsx1643 has 16 digital inputs and 3 analog input. This chip has an analog input 12bit resolution or 4095 step. 

I have Logitech GT wheel which only has throttle and brake pedals. so with 3 analog inputs of this controller. I can take advantage of it to build a clutch pedal with 12bit resolution.

Here is Another great microchip project link

Building a USB Joystick Controller Using the PIC18F2455 By Willy

NOV 13th 2011

Figure 1-2a

Figure 1-2b

The Figure 1-2a shows a 2dof v1.4 project. It use USB connection directly without any converter chip such as FTDI or MAX232. It is the result of very extensive code modifications from the original project. This project uses PIC18f2550 and some other components. Very easy to build and requires only 30 minutes to solder. There are three variable resistor which is used to adjust Proportional, Intergral and Derivative. Included with two LEDs on board. red light indicates a connection established and the blue led to show incoming data. I think a simple circuit will reduce the risk of connection errors.

As I have stated all the MCU requires special programming tools to enable us to burn the code into its memory. I usually use pickit3 or icd3. you can also make your own programmer if you have time, but are advised to buy at any electronics store like mouser or rscomponent. USB programmer for as low as USD20 is 10 times better than the DIY programmer. Do not misunderstand. Because this is only based on my experience. Try to repair the connection of the DIY programmer that does not work for days is not worth it.

PID algorithm inside kubing controller

What is PID? Old day technology use On Off switching to control the system. The on-off controller is the easiest possible way of control. Many technical systems use it, not limited to controlling a motor.  Refrigerator, heater, water pump usually use this system. But more complicated system its not going to work as we aspect by using this technique. The idea behind feedback control is very simple. We have a target speed, specified by the user or the computer program, and we have the current actual speed, measured by the sensor (hall, encoder, pot, etc). Measurements and actions according to the measurements can be taken very frequently(t).

The easiest way of control is not always the end of the story. A more sophisticated of controller and industry standard is the PID controller. It base on proportional, an integral, and a derivative control part. The controller parts are introduced in the following sections individually and in combined operation.

Proportional is the simplest term. The error is multiplied by the proportional gain,The amount of correction applied to the system is directly proportional
to the error.

'kP term....

              P1 = Kp * DIFF

P math in C code (embedded)

1    e_fungsi = v_target - v_drive; // error function //
2    z_motor = Kp*e_fungsi ; //motor output

Integral term is calculate the "historic" error in the system in fixed period of time. How long the motor need to move from point A to B? How to set the timer overflow in microcontroller is not as easy as in P and D term. If we set the timer overflow too fast from what they need to compensate the error and the system will not going to stable. The integral gain must be thoroughly tested before implementation to any PID systems. Its not as simple as I term =  gain * sum.

output = (kp * error_value) + (ki * integral) + (kd * derivative); 

The idea for the I controller is to reduce the steady-state error of the P controller. With an additional
integral term, this steady-state error can be reduced to zero.

I math in C code (embedded)
3 e_fungsi = v_target - v_drive;
4 z_motor = r_old + Kp*(e_fungsi - e_old) + Ki*(e_func+e_old)/2;

Derivative term is based on the rate at which the system is changing. Sometime it can be extremely aggressive when it is acting on the error of the system. In my case I make it adjustable to reduce the aggressiveness of this term. Similar to the I controller, the D controller (derivative controller) is rarely used by itself, but mostly in combination with the P or PI controller. The idea for adding a derivative term is to speed up the P controller’s response to a change
of input

 

'kD term......
              errdelta = DIFF - errprev
              d1 = kd * errdelta

              drive = d1 + p1

15 sept 2011 

Understanding DOF in simulation system (long story short)

In three dimensions, the six DOFs of a rigid body are sometimes described using these names:

1. Moving up and down (heaving) = The yawing along the vertical Z-axis;
2. Moving left and right (swaying);
3. Moving forward and backward (surging) = Rolling along the longitudinal X-axis;
4. Tilting forward and backward (pitching) = Sway along the lateral Y-axis.;
5. Turning left and right (yawing);
6. Tilting side to side (rolling).

Sept 9th 2011

 

Figure 1-3

The Green board on Figure 1-3 is pololu motor driver. It has the VNH2SP30-E chip full bridge motor driver intended for a wide range of automotive applications. The device incorporates a dual monolithic High-Side drivers and two Low-Side switches. The High-Side driver switch is designed using STMicroelectronic’s well known and proven proprietary VIPower™ M0 technology that allows to efficiently integrate on the same die a true Power MOSFET with an intelligent signal/ protection circuitry. This package, specifically designed for the harsh automotive environment offers improved thermal performance thanks to exposed die pads. Moreover, its fully symmetrical mechanical design allows superior manufacturability at board level. The input signals INA and INB can directly interface to the microcontroller to select the motor direction and the brake condition.

Sept 7th 2011 

Finally Kubing 2DOF with USB CDC (virtual com) done. Using a PIC18F2550. Instruction shown below are for Windows Vista. Just Follow a yellow guide for setup.

 

 

Kubing 2dof USB Setup finish. Sometime X-sim can't detect virtual comm so you need to manually add "\com1"  or "\comx" in the listbox above. 

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Kubing 2dof V1.3b (June 9th 2011) The new and improve version come with status Rx led and much faster motor respond. Its should work well without limit switch.

*Gear indicator with F1 style rpm indicator for rfactor MMG..code and schematic Uploaded. Click here

 

 

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Inverted Pendulum Project

Inverted pendulum on buggy 

The derivative term is crucial in order to bring the inherently unstable system into stability. In any PID control the derivative terms acts as an anticipator. By checking the current error against the previous error, the controller
can tell if the error term is getting bigger or smaller. If the error term is getting larger, the derivative term
adds to the output of the controller much like that of the proportional and integral terms, but to a lesser effect. If
the error term is getting smaller, this term will subtract from the output of the control in anticipation of an overshoot
condition. Without the derivative term the system will always be unstable because there is no way to compensate for the overshoot condition.
**********************************************************************************

KUBING 2DOF V1.1 (March 31th 2011)

After a month of testing and tuning on my inverted pendulum buggy I have found that by adding suppression caps to the POTs will drastically reduce the noise problem. This update applicable to all pots in my schematic. But only VR1 and VR2 shown.